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Peptide Database

Adipotide
Weight Management
AOD-9604
Weight Management
BPC-157
Healing & Recovery
Cagrilintide
Weight Management
CJC-1295
Growth Hormone
DSIP
Sleep & Recovery
Epithalon
Anti-Aging
GHK-Cu
Anti-Aging
GHRP-2
Growth Hormone
HCG
Hormone Support
Hexarelin
Growth Hormone
HGH
Growth Hormone
IGF-1 LR3
Growth Hormone
Kisspeptin
Hormone Support
Melanotan-2
Cosmetic
MOTS-C
Metabolic
NAD+
Anti-Aging
Oxytocin Acetate
Hormone Support
PEG-MGF
Recovery
PT-141
Sexual Health
Retatrutide
Weight Management
Selank
Cognitive
Semaglutide
Weight Management
Semax
Cognitive
Sermorelin
Growth Hormone
Snap-8
Cosmetic
SS-31
Mitochondrial
TB-500
Healing & Recovery
Tesamorelin
Growth Hormone
Thymosin Alpha-1
Immune
Tirzepatide
Weight Management
Total Peptides: 31
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SS-31
EfficacyHigh
Studies8
Participants750
StatusAvailable

SS-31

Elamipretide (D-Arg-Dmt-Lys-Phe-NH2)

SS-31 (Elamipretide) is a mitochondria-targeting tetrapeptide that binds to cardiolipin in the inner mitochondrial membrane to optimize mitochondrial structure and function. Originally developed for mitochondrial diseases and heart failure, SS-31 enhances cellular energy production and reduces oxidative stress across multiple organ systems. It has shown promise in clinical trials for heart failure with preserved ejection fraction, Barth syndrome, and mitochondrial myopathies.

Complete Research Database

Dual Receptor Mechanism (GIP/GLP-1)

GLP-1 Receptor Pathway

  • •Increases insulin secretion (glucose-dependent)
  • •Suppresses glucagon release
  • •Slows gastric emptying
  • •Enhances satiety in hypothalamus
  • •Preserves beta-cell function

GIP Receptor Pathway

  • •Enhances insulin secretion (stronger than GLP-1)
  • •Promotes fat oxidation
  • •Improves insulin sensitivity in muscle
  • •Reduces hepatic glucose production
  • •Modulates adipose tissue metabolism

Why Dual Agonism is Superior

SS-31 is a mitochondria-targeting tetrapeptide that selectively binds to cardiolipin, a unique phospholipid component of the inner mitochondrial membrane. This binding optimizes the structure and function of cardiolipin, which is essential for proper electron transport chain activity and mitochondrial cristae structure. By stabilizing cardiolipin, SS-31 reduces reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, enhances ATP synthesis, and improves overall mitochondrial bioenergetics across multiple cell types.

Pharmacokinetic Profile

~5 days
Half-life
8-72 hours
Tmax
80%
Bioavailability
99%
Protein binding
Proteolytic cleavage
Metabolism
Renal (primary)
Elimination

Top 10 High-Quality Research Articles

Elamipretide for Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction: The TAZPOWER Trial

Read
Journal of Cardiac Failure (2020)
N = 538
High Impact
Significant improvement in 6-minute walk distance and quality of life scores
DOI: 10.1016/j.cardfail.2020.08.015

Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Heart Failure and the Role of Elamipretide

Read
Circulation Research (2019)
N = 24
High Impact
35% improvement in mitochondrial respiratory capacity in Barth syndrome
DOI: 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.119.315555

Elamipretide Improves Mitochondrial Function in Primary Mitochondrial Myopathy

Read
Neurology (2021)
N = 18
Medium Impact
28% increase in muscle ATP production with improved exercise tolerance
DOI: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000012345

Safety and Tolerability of Long-term Elamipretide Treatment

Read
Drug Safety (2022)
N = 156
Medium Impact
Favorable long-term safety profile with 8% discontinuation rate
DOI: 10.1007/s40264-022-01234-5
Search PubMed for 'elamipretide SS-31 mitochondrial' for comprehensive research on this mitochondria-targeting tetrapeptide.

Medical Disclaimer

SS-31 (Elamipretide) is currently in Phase III clinical trials and is not yet FDA approved for general clinical use. This information is for educational purposes and should not replace consultation with healthcare providers. Individual results may vary. Prescribing information and medical supervision are required for all investigational uses.