NAD+
Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide
NAD+ is a vital coenzyme present in every cell that plays crucial roles in energy metabolism, DNA repair, and cellular aging processes. As NAD+ levels naturally decline with age (by ~50% by age 50), supplementation through IV therapy or injections aims to restore cellular energy production, activate longevity pathways through sirtuin proteins, and support mitochondrial health. Research demonstrates significant improvements in cognitive function, physical performance, and biomarkers of aging.
Complete Research Database
Dual Receptor Mechanism (GIP/GLP-1)
GLP-1 Receptor Pathway
- •Increases insulin secretion (glucose-dependent)
- •Suppresses glucagon release
- •Slows gastric emptying
- •Enhances satiety in hypothalamus
- •Preserves beta-cell function
GIP Receptor Pathway
- •Enhances insulin secretion (stronger than GLP-1)
- •Promotes fat oxidation
- •Improves insulin sensitivity in muscle
- •Reduces hepatic glucose production
- •Modulates adipose tissue metabolism
Why Dual Agonism is Superior
NAD+ functions as an essential coenzyme in over 400 enzymatic reactions, primarily serving as an electron carrier in cellular respiration and energy metabolism. In mitochondria, NAD+ accepts electrons from metabolic substrates and transfers them through the electron transport chain for ATP synthesis. NAD+ also serves as a substrate for three major enzyme families: sirtuins (SIRT1-7), poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases (PARPs), and CD38/CD157. Sirtuin activation by NAD+ promotes deacetylation of key proteins involved in metabolism, stress resistance, and longevity, including PGC-1α for mitochondrial biogenesis, p53 for DNA repair, and FOXO transcription factors for stress response. PARP enzymes utilize NAD+ for DNA repair processes, while CD38 represents a major NAD+ consumer that increases with age, contributing to age-related NAD+ decline.
Pharmacokinetic Profile
Top 10 High-Quality Research Articles
Chronic nicotinamide riboside supplementation is well-tolerated and elevates NAD+ in healthy middle-aged and older adults
ReadNAD+ repletion improves mitochondrial and stem cell function and enhances life span in mice
ReadNicotinamide riboside augments the aged human skeletal muscle NAD+ metabolome and induces transcriptomic and anti-inflammatory signatures
ReadNAD+ metabolism governs the proinflammatory senescence-associated secretome
ReadNicotinamide riboside opposes type 2 diabetes and neuropathy in mice
ReadMedical Disclaimer
NAD+ therapy is currently in research phase and not FDA-approved for specific medical conditions. This information is for educational purposes and should not replace consultation with qualified healthcare providers. Individual results may vary significantly. Professional medical supervision is recommended for all NAD+ therapeutic protocols.